The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation

This overview by Helmreich et al. details the history and development of CRM describing the five “generations” of CRM’s evolution.

The paper is from 1996 and describes the evolution of the first four generations of CRM training development and then goes on to propose what would later become established as the fifth generation of CRM – the development of threat and error management (TEM).

Robert L. Helmreich was Professor Emeritus at the University of Texas Department of Psychology and author of many influential books and papers on CRM.

Follow the link here: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-11/crmhistory.pdf