{"id":5386,"date":"2026-01-24T18:34:47","date_gmt":"2026-01-24T18:34:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crmknowledgehub.com\/?p=5386"},"modified":"2026-01-24T18:53:05","modified_gmt":"2026-01-24T18:53:05","slug":"manual-of-evidence-based-training","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/crmknowledgehub.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/24\/manual-of-evidence-based-training\/","title":{"rendered":"Manual of Evidence Based Training"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

ICAO Doc 995, AN\/497. First Edition (2013).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: ICAO on Skybrary<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ICAO Manual of Evidence-Based Training<\/strong> (Doc 9995, 1st Edition, 2013) is a foundational reference that formalises Evidence-Based Training (EBT)<\/strong> as an alternative, performance-centred approach to traditional recurrent pilot training and checking. It provides guidance for Civil Aviation Authorities, operators, and approved training organisations<\/strong> on implementing EBT in accordance with ICAO standards and recommended practices, particularly within Annex 6 and PANS-TRG.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The manual defines EBT philosophy and methodology, emphasising data-driven identification of core pilot competencies<\/strong>, recurrent assessment based on operational evidence, and scenario-based training designed to reflect real-world threats and errors rather than isolated manoeuvres. It outlines principles for training programme structure, instructor qualifications, performance measurement, and ongoing evaluation to ensure training effectiveness and continuous safety improvement.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significant topics include the rationale for EBT, integration with competency-based training and assessment, roles of evidence and operational data in shaping curricula, and guidance on establishing and monitoring EBT programmes. As the first ICAO document dedicated to EBT, it matters because it provides a globally harmonised framework<\/strong> that helps shift training from prescriptive task lists to competency outcomes grounded in operational experience, enhancing both flight crew proficiency and overall aviation safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How does it fit into the CBTA framework?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The ICAO Manual of Evidence-Based Training<\/strong> (Doc 9995, 1st Edition) fits squarely within the Competency-Based Training and Assessment (CBTA)<\/strong> framework by operationalising CBTA principles specifically for recurrent and type-rating pilot training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CBTA shifts the focus of training from completing prescribed manoeuvres to\u00a0demonstrating observable competencies<\/strong> required for safe operations. EBT is ICAO\u2019s practical application of CBTA in airline training: it defines what<\/em> competencies matter,\u00a0how<\/em>\u00a0they should be trained, and\u00a0how<\/em>\u00a0performance should be assessed using operational evidence. The manual aligns with CBTA by emphasising scenario-based training, graded performance standards, instructor calibration, and continuous programme evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crucially, EBT uses operational data and safety intelligence<\/strong> to prioritise training content, ensuring competencies reflect real-world threats, errors, and performance risks. In this way, EBT translates CBTA from a conceptual framework into an implementable, regulator-accepted training system that supports consistent, measurable, and safety-driven pilot competency development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is its significance to CRM Training?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The\u00a0manual\u00a0is highly significant to\u00a0CRM training<\/strong>\u00a0because it embeds CRM competencies into a\u00a0formal, data-driven, competency-based training and assessment system<\/strong>, moving CRM from \u201cstand-alone soft skills\u201d into the core of flight crew performance management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Traditionally, CRM was often delivered as classroom-based training with limited, indirect linkage to line operations or assessment. EBT changes this by explicitly incorporating non-technical skills<\/strong>\u2014such as communication, leadership and teamwork, workload and stress management, situational awareness, and decision-making\u2014into observable, assessable competencies<\/strong> exercised in realistic operational scenarios. CRM behaviours are no longer taught in isolation but are evaluated alongside technical performance during normal and abnormal operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EBT also strengthens CRM by using operational evidence<\/strong> (e.g. LOSA, incident data, and safety reports) to target the CRM behaviours that matter most in actual operations. This ensures CRM training remains relevant, risk-based, and aligned with current threats. In effect, Doc 9995 provides CRM with structure, credibility, and accountability<\/strong>, positioning CRM as a measurable safety intervention rather than a purely cultural or awareness-based programme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contents Overview<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Part I \u2013 EBT Development & Programme Outline<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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  1. Background and rationale<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Why evidence-based, historical context of pilot training evolution\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Principles and programme philosophy<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Core EBT concepts and training philosophy\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Competencies and framework<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 The competency model (technical & non-technical) and behavioural indicators\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Evidence and data sources<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Use of operational and safety data to inform training priorities\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    Part II \u2013 EBT Programme Guidance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Programme design and approval<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Structuring EBT modules, instructor qualifications, and regulatory considerations\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Training phases<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Evaluation phase, manoeuvre retention, and scenario-based training\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Assessment and conduct of sessions<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 How to assess competencies and conduct scenarios\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n

      Appendices<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n